We used the buffer 74LS245 for our project. It is an electronic chip that has 20 pins. Pin 20 is the +5V power pin, and pin 10 is the ground pin.This 74LS245 buffer chip has 8 inputs pins and 8 output pins. Pin number 1 is considered the direction pin; therefore, it’s labelled DIR. It is called the direction pin because it controls the direction of the flow of electrical current. When DIR is held high, or 1, the input would be taken from the “A” side and the output would be given from the “B” side. In the same manner, when DIR is held low, or 0, the input is taken from the “B” side and the output would be given from the “A” side. When pin #19 is +5V, no information moves from A to B or B to A. When pin 19 is 0V, information flows from A to B or B to A depending on the wiring of pin 1. Pins 2-9 (A1-A8) and pins 18-11 (B1- B8) are the data pins.

We used The Turing programming language to reads the input status of the parallel port, and to write to the parallel port as integers. However, to determine the status of a specific pin of the input of the parallel port we needed to isolate that specific pin. The table on the left shows the way we isolate input pins for the purpose of decision making. We take the input from the pin like below:
S3 := ((input div  8) mod 2)
S4 := ((input div 16) mod 2)
S5 := ((input div 32) mod 2)
S6 := ((input div 64) mod 2)

Interfacing is all about controlling objects in the real world electronically. Our interfacing device is the parallel port, information can flow back and forth between computer and peripherals through the parallel port. The parallel port has 25 pins. Pins 2-8 are used to output information from the computer. Pins 15, 13-10 are used to input information to the computer. Pins 18-25 are ground pins as you can see in the diagram to the right. The command “parallelget()” is used to read the parallel port. The "parallelput()" command is used to output a something from the parallel port.

One of the first things we stated learning in class was Logic Gates and Binary Mathematics. I learned the rules of addition  subtraction, multiplication and division of binary numbers. In binary, counting follows similar procedure, except that only the two symbols 0 and 1 are used. Thus, after a digit reaches 1 in binary, an increment resets it to 0 but also causes an increment of the next digit to the left:

0000,0001, (rightmost digit starts over, and next digit is incremented)0010, 0011, (rightmost two digits start over, and next digit is incremented)0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, (rightmost three digits start over, and the next digit is incremented)1000, 1001, 1011, 1100, ...Since binary is a base-2 system, each digit represents an increasing power of 2, with the rightmost digit representing 20, the next representing 21, then 22, and so on. To determine the decimal representation of a binary number simply take the sum of the products of the binary digits and the powers of 2 which they represent. For example, the binary number 100101 is converted to decimal form as follows:
1001012 = [ ( 1 ) × 25 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 24 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 23 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 22 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 21 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 20 ]1001012 = [ 1 × 32 ] + [ 0 × 16 ] + [ 0 × 8 ] + [ 1 × 4 ] + [ 0 × 2 ] + [ 1 × 1 ]1001012 = 3710

Today i started working on my website. All the layouts were very unique and appealing and it was hard to choose one, but in the end i chose this one because it looked cool and did not distract the reader form the information. The website is very user-friendly so i found making this site very easy